Landscape Survey
At the Unearthing Futures event, Dr Joanne Kirton, Engagement and Delivery Manager at the Council for British Archaeology, introduced participants created a basic map of an area using hachure survey to demonstrate the undulations of the landscape and noting key features. Participants were then taught the basics of how to use a Dumpy Level to measure distance and height. This included how to establish a benchmark, set up a tripod and level head, record measurements and how to plot these for report purposes.
This section will help you explore methods for conducting and recording a landscape survey. It shows two methods of landscape surveying – dumpy level and mapping. Further resources can also be found at the end of the page.
Benchmark
Benchmarks are the reference frame for heights above sea level. These are a fixed point of known elevation. This can normally be found near the site. If one is not found, a Temporary Bench Mark (TBM) at an arbitrary height can be established. A TBM is often used on archaeological survey.
Cartography
Cartography is a graphical method used in representing a geographical area, usually on a 2D surface. For example, a map.
Hachures
Hachures are short lines laid down in a pattern to indicate the direction of slope, demonstrating the topographic feature of an area. There are two types of hachure:
- Oval-ended hachures should be used to indicate natural, gentle topography.
- Triangular-ended hachures are used to indicate human-made features, including mounds of pits or ditches.
Landscape Surveying
Landscape surveying is the detailed assessment of a site's physical, biological and environmental characteristics. It involves measuring, mapping, and analyzing the terrain, existing vegetation, boundaries, and soil to provide a foundational blueprint for landscape architecture, site planning, and sustainable land development.
Topography
Discover what it was like on the day with our behind-the-scenes reels.
Dr Jo Kirton
Dr Jo Kirton is the Engagement and Delivery Manager at the Council for British Archaeology (CBA). She oversees the development and delivery of the youth engagement programme. This includes being actively involved in coordinating the Young Archaeologist Club and managing the wider engagement work for young people between 8 and 25. Her recent work focuses on developing a strong youth voice approach and embedding co-creation in youth engagement. Establishing and organising the Youth Advisory Board is one of many examples. Joanne is also a member of the CBA's Executive Team, which oversees and shapes wider strategy and fundraising at the charity.
Apart from her role at CBA, Jo is also the Co-Director of the Bamburgh Research Project and Research Associate at the University of Chester. During her time as a Visiting Lecturer at the University of Chester, she was voted the ‘Most Inspiring Lecturer Award’ by her students!
Question: What are some different and/or similar skills in landscape surveying, shared between commercial and non-commercial archaeology?
Landscape surveying in both commercial and non‑commercial archaeology relies on a shared set of core skills centred on systematic observation, recording, and spatial analysis. In both sectors, archaeologists integrate field survey with desk‑based research, drawing on evidence such as earthworks, historic maps, aerial photography, LiDAR, and GIS to interpret past human activity within the wider landscape. These approaches demand comparable technical competencies. Differences lie mainly in purpose rather than practice: commercial archaeology emphasises efficiency and planning compliance, while non‑commercial archaeology focuses on research questions and long‑term interpretation. As Historic England states, landscape survey ‘combines field survey and desk‑based research’ to enhance understanding of archaeological landscapes.”
My experience attending the Council for British Archaeology’s Unearthing Futures event significantly enriched my knowledge of archaeology. During the immersive day of learning, I was particularly drawn to the Landscape Survey workshop.
I listened closely as the facilitator, Dr Joanne Kirton, explained the purpose of landscape survey and the range of methods it employs. As a hands‑on, skills‑based session, the workshop introduced me to creating a basic map using the hachure survey method. Working collaboratively with other participants, I helped to set up and level a tripod, establish a temporary benchmark, take measurements, and record results on a level record sheet.
Through this workshop, I developed foundational skills in landscape surveying while strengthening my attention to detail, teamwork, and ability to produce organised written records. By proactively asking questions, I deepened my understanding of the importance of landscape survey and gained valuable insight into the wider archaeological sector from a professional perspective.
After the event, I continue to learn more about landscape surveying by using the digital resources provided on the Unearthing Future website.
